Livia 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Livia 2 - endeavor ExampleThis is evident since they do not disclose earnings form deposits although they account for around a third of banks total revenues. Although these bank cares may seem little, they are quite developed considering the thousands or even millions of deposits that banks receive periodically.Banks however defend they action to levy deposits. They argue that deposits cost gold to handle. These costs arise as a result of time and encumbrance to teller as a result of counting cash and also cost of transferring these bloods. They also pay some fee to the national Deposit Insurance Corp. for holding large cash amount. However, this may be more rational if they wholly charged deposits that are in millions. It seems quite absurd to reason out that a bank standardised chase bank needs 40 cents to handle every $1,000 deposited exceeding an initial deposit od 7500. According to the author, Banks should not charge levies for receiving cash. They are only seeking more profits.According to my view, banks should not charge for deposits at all. This is because deposits are part of their sources for economics surpluses. Without deposits, banks would not be enjoying benefits on credit creation (Strahan, P.E. & Weston, J.P. pg. 835). recognize creation is the process by which banks loan out credit given to an individual over and over again (Saunders, A. pg. 89). This is because borrowers do not always withdraw the entire loaned amount or redeposit it endorse to their accounts for safety measures. Banks take advantage of this idle cash balances and loan it again although they maintain a conquer ratio just in case a customer need this amount. When this is done repeatedly, banks make surplus earnings depending on a factor known as a credit creation multiplier.A second reason why banks should not charge deposits is simply to encourage deposit inflows (Rhoades, A. pg. 280). Deposits are sources of fund that are directly loaned out even

Market Failures in Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Failures in Microeconomics - Essay ExampleThis is basically the study of interaction between the individual buyers and the sellers and the factors that cause them to make their buying or selling decisions. In an ideal terra flyinga an equilibrium is achieved in the trade, meaning only the amount of goods demanded is being supplied while richly utilizing all the available resources and the whole society benefits. It must be realized that in the real world a perfect economy never exists. Recognizing the truth that is not a perfect world, lets examine a few factors which usually end up disturbing the securities industry equilibrium henceforth causing a market failure. A market failure is any condition in which the quantity of goods/services demanded by the consumer is not equal to the quantity supplied by the suppliers. This quantity can be less or more(prenominal) than the market demand. A few such factors which can cause a market failure atomic number 18 agents gaining market power, externalities and sometimes a market failure is caused due to the temper of goods/services or their nature of exchange. These are the main three factors which break the equilibrium and cause a market failure.What does an agent gaining market power mean to an individual This term simply refers to the some individuals or steadfasts having certain advantages over the others, which is the floor for the market equilibrium to break and therefore causing a market failure. ... ies such as discriminating price cutting, buyouts, and massive advertising to block entry and competition from even the most innovative bare-assed firms and existing rivals. Moreover, rent-seeking dominant firms have been known to persuade government to give them tax breaks, subsidies, and tariff security system that strengthens their market powers (Brue, McConnell and R.R 256). For instance a firm maybe able to price their goods in such a way so that it is beneficial to them but hurting the compet ition. From the individuals point of view, certain groups which require occupational licensing (such as doctors, pilots etc.) are favored. Only the licensed group can obtain high income levels, therefore these groups end up with the advantage of gaining market power, referring to buying power. The basic principle of any perfect society is equality. When a buyer or a seller disturbs the equality principle by gaining market power, this breaks the equilibrium and henceforth causes a market failure. Certain outcomes, such as monopoly, can be very harmful to the consumers. If a firm is able to price their product in a such a way that benefits them, this can literally cause the competition to be driven out of business. Once there is no competition left, the firm is free to overcharge, harming the consumers. This situation can be prevented through government policies and regulations. One such example of prevention is The Competition Act of 1998 in UK, which prevents any anti-competition a greements between businesses. An other factors that can contribute to a market failure are externalities. An externality of an economic transaction is an impact on a participant that is not directly engaged in the transaction. In such circumstances, costs do not reflect the full(a) value or gains in

U02a1 Topic Selection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U02a1 field Selection - Research Paper ExampleThe dependent variable is the experienced domestic forcefulness with the medicine users as victims or perpetrators of the reported violence. The proposed research aims at ascertaining an assumption of a alliance between drug abuse and domestic violence and the extent to which consumption of the substances contribute to the violence. The research entitle will be Ascertaining existence of a relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence.Factors affecting the relationship between cognitive development among children and their sociable environment is another research topic, in sociology, that I raft explore through qualitative research. I can research on the topic with childrens amicable environments as the independent variable and their level of cognitive development as the dependent variable. The research title will be Social and economic factors affecting childrens cognitive development.Hartas, D. (2010). Families Social gr ound Matters Socioeconomic Factors, Home Learning and Young Childrens Language, Literacy and Social Outcomes. University of Warwick. retrieved from http//wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3406/1/WRAP_Hartas_BERJ_paper_2010_%282%29.pdf.The article aimed at investigating the relationship between childrens learning in their domestic environments and social and economic condition of the childrens parents to determine effects of the conditions on the childrens learning potential, social, and emotional stability. With data from a sample, the articles findings establishes that parents participate in their childrens learning processes at home and the parents social and economic potentials influence their childrens development. The factors however have more significant effects on the childrens literacy development than on their social and emotional potentials.The article sought to establish the relationship between drug abuse, involvement in violence and suicide. It identifies suicide and violence as

Dynamics of machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dynamics of machine - Essay Example buns easily be determined especially if the equations are of the mechanical system or machine units, which usually consists of larger components of machines such as motors, contagious disease mechanisms, and control devices or in most cases a give-up the ghosting machine.The concept of dynamic of machine consists of a number of equations that are tally to the number of degree of mechanical systems freedom. For the equation to work or to enhance the ease of the mechanism operation, all forces or masses in a vapid mechanism with a superstar degree of freedom are to be reduced to a single link which is normally called reference point or reduction link (89). And the subjective link that is to be applied to the reduction link is known as reduced scrap of inertia. When the moment of reduction is fitted to the aggregate of all moments and the forces applied to the links of the mechanism, the subjective moment of inertia is considered to be the redu ced moment of inertia. The chain of the equation of dynamic of machines includes the determination of the kinetic energy, and when the kinetic energy of the reduction link is equal to the sum of the kinetic energy of all of the mechanism, the reduced force can be analogously (100). by dint of rational selection and placement of counterweights, that reduces the dynamic pressure in kinematic pair of mechanisms the concept of machines and mechanism can be easily balanced. Practically the machines are always balanced by reducing the vibrations and balancing the revolution of masses, while in modern high speed machines the inertia forces attain high values (100). The coitus of the dynamic studies in machines is highly linked to the calculation of the strength and stiffness of the machine components that highly relates to the attribute and the designs of the parts. The studies are also performed through three dimensions mechanisms and with many degrees of freedom. Therefore it is importa nt to notice that the operations performed by systems of high

The subject of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The open of war - Essay ExampleBy working around the central theme, the narratives powerfully show the genius of humans, their response to challenges of the environment and the endeavors they are willing to undertake as means towards an end.With that tell, it is interesting to note what caused the war in Homers epic and how it compares with Sheri Teppers feminist science fiction. The Iliad, narrating the stock-stillts of a short period in a really long battle, continues from the Trojan war which was caused by Paris capture of the Spartan queen Helen. In the text itself, it is said that two lovely women, Chryseis and Briseis, are the root of all rampage. When their town is defeated by the Achaean forces, the camps ruler Agamemnon demands to have Chryseis as prize while Achilles gets Briseis. Succeeding circumstances force Agamemnon to give up his reenforcement Chryseis but then asks Achilles to hand Briseis everyplace to him as replacement. Insulted by Agamemnons order, Achil les refuses to join the Acheans in their fight against the Trojans and even prays to Zeus through his mother Thetis to punish the Acheans. Zeus addresses this by coming to the Trojans rescue, signaling that the battle among the Trojan and Achean forces have striked despite their peace treaty.While it is shown that it is the women who caused the war in The Iliad, it is the men who caused the war in The Gate to Womens Country. The author, Tepper, elaborates on mens desire for power, the things they do in order to obtain it and the things they sacrifice in exchange for the accomplishment of their pursuits. Sheri Tepper book considers these as manifestations of mens innate character.Homers epic makes use of women as instruments of war. On a deeper analysis, though, it is the competitive nature of men that has driven them to war. Every strong male character is time-tested for bravery, valor and loyalty. On the other end, women are depicted as slaves. The poem emphasizes the existence of a scrape in the world and the ability to win over this battle dignifies and glorifies humanity. This is an idea contemplated by a male. Ages later, Tepper would interpose with a story written from a perspective of a modern-world woman, dissatisfied with patriarchal rule, motivated towards change, with a proposal of her own. Figuratively, Teppers women respond to Homers men. In Teppers country, Teppers women downplay conflicts and emphasize cooperation among members of the society. The ultimate goal is peace, as if the main pauperization for this writing is the lack of it in an earlier society. To Teppers women, war in unnecessary and all their efforts will be poured towards preventing it. As we look into the causes or war in each story, an underlying factor that heightens the conflict is discovered. more than than gender issues, a more realistic cause of strife is social disorder. The story of The Iliad progresses in a patriarchal setting while the plot of The Gate to Womens Country proposes a revolution by a matriarchal structure. Both are stories dealing with gender issues which are about power and dominance. Agamemnon exhibits dominance over Achilles by demanding for Briseis and Achillesreaction exposes the need to soothe the male ego. Were it not for Agamemnons aggression and Achilles yearning for revenge, the Acheans and the Trojans would not resume their battle since a peace treaty

VISION STATEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

VISION STATEMENT - probe ExampleWhile there have been more exact and specific formulations of achievement management, most notably by Dr. Aubrey Daniels who in the 1970s identified a technology specifically designed to manage manner and results, for the consideration of performance management in this context, the essay will advance with the broader contextual interpretation.Recently cut across force Company altered an aspect of their performance management system to better evaluate employee performance. The chivalric system had been the target of a number of law suits over complaints that it was skewed towards age discrimination. The new performance management system eliminates quotas from the performance rating system and updates the appraisal process through a saucily updated system. This shift was the first major shift in performance management at Ford Motor Company since 2000 when the last system was instituted in an effort to increase bottom-line results and to alter the l ong stagnant somatic climate at Ford. (Karash 2005)The appraisal process at Ford Motor Company is based on a grading system much like one might experience in a university or high school scholastic environment. The companys performance management system grades conductors at various company levels with an A, B, or C performance rating. The grade is based on a conglomerate rubric that includes a number of internal factors, but is also highly contingent on productiveness measures. If the employee or manager is rated at a C level then this eliminates their bonus for that year. If the employee or manager spends more than one year at the C grade scale and receives this performance rating for the snatch year then they atomic number 18 potentially demoted or in certain circumstances released. Over 18,000 managers are rated through this grading system. While the average number of managers receiving the C rating was intended to be at 10% for a number of years, recent reports indicate that the performance management system

Media images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media public figures - Essay ExampleThis advertisement has two main characters, which embarrass a young attractive lady and an elderly woman. The girl adorns a white top with vehement short and black shoes. The old woman wears a black dress. The advert portrays a girl pose as the old woman observes her. It shows two opposing personalities as the young liberal woman dresses in a way that she feels comfortable, and the elder woman has a conservative and reserved feeling. It has a very arouse thought provoking twist to it, which quickly captivates the mind of an audience. This stimulates the audience into thinking, as well as send a strong fashion statement. It brings out strong emotions in viewers. Additionally, it brings out the feeling of adventure and assurance in fashion. The mood in the advertisement is very exciting yet pensive. It shows a new, fresh preponderant feeling. The showed originality complements the characters very well. It inclines towards a modern approach to fashion. The gestures and expressions of both characters also help describe the mood of the plastic film and efficiently helps bring the concept of the image into play. There is a strong visual presence, and the photo substantially appeals to the eyes and woos the intended audience (Bermejo 159). It inspires women who intend to dress the same way and serves as an example or a reference for others to follow. The advertisement successfully appeals to the audience by making them have a inclination to dress in that manner. Many tactics are used to interpret an image. The methods implemented in creating the image and the concepts that are applied will determine the effectiveness for the purpose of the picture (Choi and Lee 504). It is vital that wholeness understands the various concepts used in making sure that the image portrays meaning in a trusted way. This will ensure that the intended audience will have the desired interpretation of the image indeed fulfilling its purpose.

England and the Crusade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

England and the Crusade - Essay ExampleThe endeavor was between the Muslims and Christians. Each one of them wanted to take full control of Jerusalem, also referred to as the devoted Land. However, in the year 1291, this consistent battle came to an end when the Muslims finally took over Jerusalem. The Roman Catholic pope was shocked by this defeat and had heart attack that led to his death. From that meter, no more war of causal agent was seen in Jerusalem (Smith, 1995, p. 66).pope Urban was depressed to death because he had spent all his time and resources in the grounds. He succeeded in convincing the Roman Christians to join the war. Those who decided to join him were promised a plentitude of good things. One of much(prenominal) goodies was the forgiveness. pope Urban had said it in domain that anyone who would join the crusade would have all his sins forgiven. On hearing this, many catholic faithful rushed and vowed in public to give their all in the fight.It was during this time that the very Pope also managed to convince and gain the prolong of other state leaders. Kings from various nations who were members of Roman Catholic and had the same objective agreed to join Pope Urban. These kings provided the Pope with military army and near other forms of support such finance. This is when the big countries like France, England and Germany joined the crusade war (Teall, 1959, pp. 84-95).However, the crusade army did not only cause trouble to the Muslim nations nevertheless also to the various countries that they passed through. For example, the crusade carried out by England caused many damages in Sicily and Cyprus. It is thought that some nations joined this movement for their individual gains. They were just hiding in this holy war. The main objective of Pope Urban is also not clearly known. Some scholars tend to argue that his motives were not godly as people may think. They say that he only had personal interests and therefore decided to use t he armies of nations such as

Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Theory - Essay Example more theories atomic number 18 formulated for different schools of thoughts with the help of fathers of Management. There are different management theories main are Scientific management theory, it clearly focus on the maximizing the efficiency by matching the play description with people other is administrative management with clearly enlighten the creation of efficient systems in management and in organization. Then comes the behavioral management theories, these are developed both pre and post blurb World war, this theory focus on the phenomenon of controlling the break away force and leading them in a way to increase the performance. Lastly the management science theory that was innate(p) during Second World War and gained popularity in researchers, this theory focus on the measuring and controlling of organizations performance through quantitative and analytical techniques done by managers. To deal with formal organization and the concepts for enhancing the management efficiency Classical organization theories were born by Taylor formed scientific management concepts in 1947, Weber introduced the bureaucratic approach in 1947 and Fayol presented the administrative theory of the organization in 1949. These three management fathers imbibe contributed a lot in the ontogenesis on classical theories. Adam smith was the founder of management theories, he observed two factories qualification pin wheel. In one factory a worker had to perform 18 tasks on his have got to make a pin wheel and could make few thousands of pin wheel by the decision of the day, where as in other factory 10 workers has expertise on one task and were fit to manufacture 48,000 pin wheel per day. This gave birth to the idea of Job Specialization, it means that if workers are skilled in one tasks then and leave behind do it repeatedly, they will have safe hands and will have faster rate of production with same quality. It will increase the efficie ncy and will lead to gigantic organizational performance. Era of modern management was begun with the theories of Fredric Taylor, when he noticed the national loss of men and started objurgate the awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men. This started in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He transformed the aged management system into new scientific management. Taylor actually wanted to increase the productiveness of the organization through mutual understanding of curse between the managers, management and workers. Taylor suggested few techniques to improve the productivity and increasing the trust level. He suggested that 1) The rewards should be given to workers for high productivity. 2) Focus on the elimination of anxiety and stress from the work place. 3) Proper training and guidance should be provided to develop the capabilities in workers, 4) Eliminating the typical concept of boss, will increase the efficient and effectiveness at work? Further, Ta ylor also developed four principles for improving the productivity in scientific management theory that are 1) rule of thumb 2) scientific selection of the workers 3) patience and managements co-operation rather than the conflicts 4) Training and development of workers scientifically. However Taylor focused on breaking of a job into its parts, cadenceline for each part should be configured, and then reengineering the parts in a way that it minimizes the time and

Services and Relationship Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Services and alliance Marketing - Essay ExampleAdditionally, armed services could be seen as peripheral activities designed to boost the delivery of a core product, for instance, provision of a courtesy car. Service as an organization involves the entire business or not-for- profit structure that resides within the service sector (Buttle 1996). The Origin of Service Marketing Service grocerying was founded upon the basic concepts of marketing. Its advancement over the age has been associated with the philosophy of customer orientation. A marketing orientation is bound to position the customer at the marrow of the decisions and activity. Numerous organizations and companies have manifested philosophy, which argue that customers are the kings and that everything that is done in organizations or companies is inclusive of customers preference (Machtynger et al 200). Essentially, philosophy in marketing orientation concentrates more on ensuring that customers are well looked after , and that they are richly satisfied in the context of competitive assistance whereas at the same time ensuring that the assistance corpse money-making. Customer reaching philosophy has dictated marketing activity throughout its history (Egan 2008). Concept Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing is the process in which relational flip-flops are acknowledged, developed, sustained and terminated with the purpose of boosting performance. Relationship marketing has been perceived as a new phenomenon in the province of marketing (Baron et al 2010). The initiation of mass marketing and mass production has surrounded the idea of Relationship Marketing for a period of time. There has been stern competition, erosion of brand allegiance, unethical wars on prices in various organizations and companies. Moreover, kinship marketing has...Relationship marketing primarily aims at building closer relationships with customers in order to overcome challenges much(prenominal) as obtaining g lobal competitive advantage, dealing with rapid changes in technology and reducing time to market new products. Relationship marketing is vital in accordance to the pros and cons involved in the engagement and sustainability of exchange relationships. Through relationship marketing, there are more returns for companies or organizations that engage themselves with existing customers and increase the loyalty of the customers than it is to make an effort of attracting new customers. Hence, relationship marketing emphasize that exchange relationships are ongoing over the lifetime of the relationship. Relationship marketing has been used by competitive marketing as a operative way of enlarging business performance. According to Gilmore 2003, relationship marketing is characterized as the identification, establishment, maintenance, and enlargement, modification, and execution of relationships with customers, a situation that results to take to be for customers and profit for the organiza tion by various relational exchanges that have both past and the future.

Student Support in Open and Distance Learning Essay

Student Support in Open and Distance Learning - Essay ExampleQuoting Nonyongo (2002), Tait (2003) express the UNISA was not successful due to low success in terms of completion and throughput estimates, the correspondence character of programmes in comparison with well-functioning distance education, and inadequate learner validate which is exacerbated by the lack of a co-ordinated regional network of learning centers. From here, Tait (2003) emphasizes the dangers of developing distance education without learner swear.In contrast to UNISA, Tait (2003) describes the Open University UK completed in 1969 with modern distance education endowed with a range of teaching and learning media and forming an corporate student reward system. The characteristics of the systems included a personal tutor for each student (one tutor for any 25 students), tutor feedback, computer-mediated tutorials, 260 study center networks, residential school experience at a stripped-down of one week, and career advice.Tait (2003) then explains the main reasons for having student support integrated in an ODL system. First, the students want support. Second, drop-out rate can be reduced and third, the nature of learning is such that the use of the Web has expanded the possible for learning outside or independently of teaching materials provided. He then summarizes the rationale for student support as being cognitive, affective, and systemic altogether. In other words, learning is both supported and developed it relates to emotions financial backing learning and its success and the students themselves help manage the rules supporting their persistence (Tait, 2000).In particular, Tait (2003) espouses Michael Moores (1993) theory of transactional distance as a framework that may be used to understand student needs in a web-based learning environment. Accordingly, Moore believes that the space between the learner and the structure of teaching must be mediated by dialogue, giving the cha nce to the learner to participate actively in his learning. Tait (2003), however says, the theory needs to be challenged as all theories do by the application of new cases.As the article opened up, I get the feeling that Tait (2003) is plugging for the Open University of UK because he worked there as faculty. As the article progressed, however, he presented many an(prenominal) points valid from experience, and he became more credible. Words like, power of mere asynchronous text to create and realise interpersonal engagement is true to the experience of many in this cyber-age. This now highlights the truism that face-to-face fundamental interaction may also suffer from various distance like psychological, interpersonal, cultural, linguistic, environmental, and the like.Tait (2003) is well-versed with his topic on student support in web-based learning environments. Prior to this writing, he had already written scholarly publications on student support and distance learning from 1996 to 2000 to 2002. By the time he wrote this reflective item, Tait (2003) had already sharpened his arguments over much. In fact, although he was espousing Moores (1993) theory of transactional distance, he was laying it down for examination and possible criticism. It appears that Tait (2003) is ready for new developments. I would rate the article a 4 because of his readiness

Critically Assess Government Policy on 'Bridging the Digital Divide' Essay

Critically Assess Government Policy on Bridging the Digital Divide in U.K - Essay ExampleHowever, the relevant measures are often proved as inadequate delays and failures are report when trying to apply such policies in practices. Current paper foc gives on the efforts of the British authorities to bridge over the digital divide so that the quality of services in the countrys private and usual sphere of influence to be improved, since these services are highly based on ICTs. The aspects of this effort are analysed below. The follow-up of the plans that the British government has promoted in this field has led to the following assumption the effort of the British government to bridge the digital divide can be characterized as successful, at least up to now. In accordance with a relevant report, the expansion of online services could lead to savings of about ? 1.3b each family (France 2011). However, in the future, the effectiveness of these plans would be in risk, taking into co nsideration the continuous advances of technology and the level of resources inevitable for the realization of the relevant schemes. 2. Bridging the digital divide in Britain governmental policy In order to render the effectiveness of the efforts of the British government to bridge the digital divide across the country, it would be necessary to control the context of the specific effort. The phrase bridging the digital divide reflects the efforts required for covering gaps in regard to the use of ICTs within a particular country. Most commonly, these gaps are covered through a series of initiatives commission on different aspects of the use of ICTs. For example, emphasis is given on the carnal access to online centres, the availability of countenance Internet connection, the increase of computer skills of plenty of different ages, the elimination of inequalities in regard to the access to ICTs and the development of effective e-government schemes in accordance with the sour ces available and the targets set, either in the short or the long term. The efforts of the British government to bridge the digital divide deal been based on the avoidance of complex ICTs by choosing ICTs which are easy to be managed and flexible, as of their potentials and their needs, the British government tries to increase the efficiency of its online services which need been characterized by difficulties as of their access and failures as of their performance (Cabinet Office 2011). The British governments hot strategy in regard to the promotion of ICTs across the country is presented in Graph 1 (Appendix). It is lightheaded that the countrys government has set different priorities, compared to the past, for improving its online services. Simplicity and high speed have been preferred instead of complexity, since in this way the following target is achieved the level of ICTs in the public sector of Britain is standardized, a fact that helps people to understand easier the us e of ICTs for accessing the countrys public sector. 2.1 Measures for supporting physical access The physical access to online services requires that online centres across UK are increased, in terms of their return. In this way, people in all regions will be able to access the governments online services. At the identical time, the quality of broadband services available in online centres in Britain should be improved, leading to the increase of the number of customers. Since problems are often reported across the countr

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Exam - Essay ExampleThere are also a number of events that are identified much(prenominal) as the conquering of the Danish by the English, entertainment activities by the English, the Kings banning of the game, and the eventual origination of football. All of these confirm that the paragraph is a narration.As the name suggests, a attend to analysis involves an exposition on how a process is carried out, with an accompanying component part of the effect of various stages of the process on the other (Fowler and Aaron, 2002). Generally, a process analysis would involve a central target or goal that needs to be accomplished. But to accomplish this, a doer is required to put in place a number of tasks or achieve a series of specific objectives, known as processes. In the paragraph above, it would be seen that a central goal of a meal needs to be achieved. But to achieve this effectively, there are specific tasks to fulfill such as saut onion, stirring in flour, among other processes. The paragraph also rightly gives out an analysis of the process as it emphasizes that serving the meal hot is the best way to get results from

Japan Earthquakes' Effect on Japan's Environemnt Research Paper

Japan Earthquakes centre on Japans Environemnt - Research Paper ExampleIn 2011, Japan recorded the strongest creationquake in the recent past, which later triggered a devastating tsunami along the northern pacific coast. This universequake, named the Great East Japan earthquake, caused broad losses in Japan. The 9.0 earthquake caused a 124 foot tsunami wave, deaths of close to 20000 mickle, and massive destruction of homes. aside from these losses, the earthquake caused the nuclear accident that occurred in Fukushima Prefecture (Lsted 4).The fact that Japan is an earthquake prone country makes it unionise for such regainings. In 2011 earthquake, tsunami early warning signs enabled Japan to issue the necessary precautionary measures that helped in save hundreds of thousands of lives. Unfortunately, the 2011 earthquake struck with massive waves that were of bigger magnitude than it was previously predicted. This was the reason why many people lost their lives, massive propert y destruction, and severe damage on the environment. The massive losses of lives that be straightforward in different earthquakes that have struck Japan are mainly due to subsequent effect that follow an earthquake. Majority of these effects are environmental in nature, and their impacts may last for a lengthy period of time (Lsted 11).usted 11). What is an earthquake? An earthquake refers to a sudden movement of the earth due to an hasty release of energy that has piled up over a prolonged period. Numerous studies support that a bulk of earthquakes occur along boundaries where plates making the earths outer layer meet. Scientists use the knowledge of locations where earthquakes take place and the nature of ruptures they produce to describe the plates boundaries. It is worth noting that a majority of destructive earthquakes are as a result of dislocation of the earths crust. In such situations, the crust exacts its effects by bending and then breaks and snaps to a new position when the prevailing stress exceeds the pressure exerted by rocks (Alexander 47). The earth has three types of plate boundaries. The first boundaries are the spreading zones. In these zones, molten rock material rises up this leads to the separation of two plates and addition of material along their edges. Spreading zones are most common in oceans. The second types of boundaries are the trans word form faults, which occur where plates move past each other. Earthquakes that occur along these plates happen at shallow depths, leading to visible straight linear patterns. The third types of plates are the subduction zones, which occur in earths regions where one plate subducts another plate. This phenomenon pushes the subducted plate downwards into the mantle causing it to melt. Subduction zones form shallow or deep earthquakes, deep ocean trenches, and mountain ranges that have volcanic activities (Alexander 55). Geologists have conclusion that supports the idea that earthquakes occur f requently along faults. These regions of the earth show areas of weakness along the earths crust. Once an earthquake has occurred along a fault zone, it is unlikely that all stress is relieved from the earth crust. This situation creates a chance for another earthquake to occur in the future. In some cases, earthquakes are likely to strike before, during or after a volcanic activity. In this case, earthquakes are not conjugated to the occurrence of the volcanic eruptions, but the force associated with the volcanic eruption causes the earthquakes to happen (Oxlade 35). Seismographs are the

MOVEO folding electric scooter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

MOVEO folding electric ice yacht - Assignment ExampleTheir mission is to establish an environmentally palsy-walsy quality panache of transport that offers a cheap and comfortable alternative to the existing transport means.The food market target for the MOVEO foldable electric scooter is individuals mainly residing in urban areas. The foldable electric scooter was created with the intention of regulating commuting by car which in turn reduces the emissions that pollute the environment. This follows the growth of sentiency among the consumers who are now beginning to welcome two wheeled vehicles as a new mode of transport (Hurst & Gartner 2012). The market for electric scooters has also been boosted by the introduction of electric cars since there are charging muscae volitantes that are easily accessible within the city which is attracting the interest of both new and existing consumers (Pinson, Jinnett & Pinson 1996).The major primary market for the MOVEO foldable scooter is t he Asia Pacific region. This is because there is a high rate of urbanisation which continues to grow every day. Due to this, it leads to congestion in traffic coupled with emissions that pollute the environment. Following these reasons, the governments in the region have all come together to promote the use of electric scooters in separate to manage pollution. The electric scooter market is expected to grow tremendously in countries like mainland China and India which also happen to lack the foldable scooter models.The secondary target markets include the North American and the Western Europe markets where electric scooters are currently gaining popularity. The North American emerging market has consumers who sully the electric scooters for luxuriousness purposes who will not hesitate to spend on anything that is stylish in entrap to match their lifestyles. This is because the clients in the region view two wheeled vehicles as a form of luxury rather than a

Langston Hughes Masterpieces I, Too and A Dream Deferred Essay

Langston Hughes Masterpieces I, Too and A Dream Deferred - Essay congresswomanThe lines below show a stead exuberant refusal to accept the racial segregation. Be aspects, Theyll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed - I, too, am America. The poet proudly and clearly declargons, he too is an American and is not red ink to give up at any cost. A deferred dream was written long after the Harlem Renaissance. either the hopes and dreams expressed during that period hadnt materialized even after two decades of waiting. The racial differences prevailed even during the 1950s. The poem is an grimace of the desperation of when the situation will finally change if at all. The first and last lines of the poem are extremely powerful. What happens to a dream deferred? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it stir up? The poet laments with untold sadness when he asks whether his dreams will drop dead with him pressing his soul with a capital burden. He immediately expresses his anger asking whether the dreams will explode causing another revolution. In brusk he urges his fellow brothers to start leading their dreams instead of waiting for them to happen at the mercy of soulfulness else. Scanty Support from Non Black Poets The poet as a young representative of the Harlem renaissance hopes to change the humankind through his pen. Many of his African American colleagues had the same dream. But, not everybody was supportive. The modernist poets like Fearing and Davidman saw the Harlam Renaissance as a way of the filthy community to achieve dominance. Though they agreed racial discrimination should be kept in check, their views about the struggling of the black people were generally pessimistic (Smethurst, 1999). None of their whole shebang expressed the warm confidence and positive attitude as shown in these lines of I, Too. But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, Ill be at the table When company comes In fact only a very few like Langston had thi s cheery spirit in the Harlem Renaissance group. But, sadly even his large warrior spirit gets wounded by time. Poets like Sterling Brown and Don West were also general folk poets. But their poems usually kept folk out of the mass culture, catering the artistic side of educated people rather than the struggling blacks. The modern digital generation might find it surd to believe such inequalities were meted out to their fellow brothers with President Obama ruling the country now. But, the situation was much disparate a century before. The Repressed Anger The poem A Deferred Dream is like a sequel of the first poem I, Too. They record the changes expected with time and the disappointment of it not materializing as fast as expected. The author hopes he would be able to dine equally with the Whites in the future definitely. He cherishes the dream with his heart and soul. Twenty five years later, he is tired of still cherishing the same dream. He is tired to see his fellow brother b eing exploited still in terms of education, function and several other fields. He watches them shed their roots and try to imitate the White people blindly. The poet is profoundly hurt by this. On the other hand he also notices people with the true black spirit too who give him hope. He believes these people will fight for their rights better than the educated blacks. He warns the society about how the suppressed feelings of the black peop

Arthur Millar Essay Example for Free

Arthur Millar EssayIn this essay I am going away to analyse the dramatic techniques that Arthur Millar uses in his 20th century drama called, A View From The Bridge. The play is set in Brooklyn in the forties when the Italians were immigrating to America to find plump as they were poor and they needed to get away from Italy to find work to feed their families in Italy. Many of these immigrants entered America Illegally. The play is about a skilled docks worker in Brooklyn named Eddie Carbone. Eddie lives with his wife Beatrice and their niece, Catherine.Beatrices cousins named Marco and Rodolfo come to America from Italy to find work to feed Marcos family in Italy, as they atomic number 18 rattling poor. They plan to enter guiltyly. Eddie has feelings for his niece Catherine that he should not have. Meanwhile Catherine falls in love with Rodolfo and Eddie hates him because he is envious as he loves her and he cannot stand any other slice looking for at her and touch se nsation her. As a result Eddie decides to let the Immigration Bureau know that there are illegal immigrants in his building.In the play, Arthur moth miller uses a number of dramatic devices many of which are seen in the beginning(a) act but their significance only becomes apparent to the audience in the second act. These dramatic devices are use of language, dialogue and its sub textual meanings, stage directions, characters actions, props and lighting. The first dramatic technique I am going to analyse is the use of language in Alfieris speech at the straggle of the play. Miller has put this at the start of the play to prepare the audience for what will happen later on in the play.The speech starts to develop tension because there are a lot of negative and uncivilized words used. For example, Alfieri uses terms such as Machine Gun. The effect of using a term desire this is to create tension for the audience, as they now know that something bad is going to happen later on in t he play. As the play progresses the audience realise that this is the only time when Alfieri uses negative and violent language. So his words take on a deeper meaning when the audience realises this. I am now going to look at Eddies language in the first act.His speech is simple but at the start of the play his words are more vibrant towards Catherine as he tells he that she is walking wavy. At the same time he also refers to her as a Madonna. This gives the audience the idea that she is pure and she is a virgin and Eddie wants her to stay as she is. Listen, B. , shell be with a lot of plumbers? And sailors up and down the pathway? This illustrates Eddies feelings for Catherine and it can also mean that he does not want any other men looking at Catherine or marrying her.Eddies dialogue changes when the cousins arrive. He uses working class American colloquial words, such as Yiz have a nice trip? when he asks the cousins Marco and Rodolfo about their journey. Eddie wants to mak e it clear that he is the man of the house and that he is in charge. These expressions are only used in the first act when he is speaking to Marco and Rodolfo. This builds tension because the audience know that Eddie is going to start trouble with Marco and Rodolfo later on.

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye EssayHolden, the primary(prenominal) character of the book Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, had to face many conflicts during the story. These conflicts connect to him all by secondary character or by himself. Not only do this conflicts affect Holden, that if affects the raft around him as well. Holdens attitude became disallow because of all the conflicts he faced.The first social function youll probably ask is where I was born and how my lousy childhood was like. During his childhood, he was alone with no close friends or family. This affected him because he felt excluded from the society. It also made him feel like he didnt have any support so that made him go to the city by himself and mother into trouble. He didnt get any support from anyone so he wasnt told what was wrong and what was right, that was why he smoked and drank. Also since he didnt have a family who supported him so he never took the school seriously. He was kicked out of four scho ols because of his bad grades. (Evidence found in Pg. 1)I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it. associate death affected him mentally. It made him precise sad at the moment but after a time it made him aggressive and anti-social. (Evidence found in Chapter 5)He criticized everyone. He calls everyone a phony. Thinks other people are followers and are only tricking themselves. So he wants to rebel against the society because theyre fashioning everyone a phony. This attitude made him see everyone in a bad way which made it very difficult for him to make friends. (Evidence found all over the book)He has a Self vs. Self mesh throughout the whole book. He wants to be the same person but he doesnt shit hes changing. He likes the museum because it never changes. One part of him wants to be an adult (he drinks and smokes and always thinks of sex) opus to other part of him rejects it rejects it as a phony.So as y ou can see, all these conflicts led to his bad, negative attitude. He became aggressive, rebel, and excluded. It also made him problematic and hard to understand. The conflicts implemented some psychological problems on Holden by making him increase his interest in alcohol and drugs.

Journal on Poems Essay Example for Free

daybook on Poems EssayThe poem portrays the definitions of sanity and madness. However, these definitions vary from the perspective of people and the surroundings as pointed issue in the second line. In other words, the poem points out that for certain people, something normal is considered insane and fault versa. 2. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Basically, for me, the poem depicted a common fuck in life wherein one makes a choice between two things and then wonders what couldve happened had he or she took the other option. The situation shown in the poem reflects a reality that everyone faces in life which is making a choice and standing by that finality. However, as illustrated in the poem, despite the choices people make regarding, for example, c areers and business ventures, thither will to a fault be times that one doubts whether he or she made the right decision or non. 3. Design by Robert Frost The poem basically illustrates that most of the time the worlds beau ty can be appreciated through observing the natural things such as the bird of passage and the moth.In addition, as the title suggests, life is basically a design. It is natural for a spider to sap the moth as it was designed to do so. However, since the spider killed the moth, the author also wonders why the designer allows such a thing to happen. In short, while the author acknowledges the beauty natural order of things, he also questions why horrible events, such as death, happen. 4. Mending Wall by Robert Frost Initially, the poem suggests that there are no need for walls between neighbors as this suggests division.However, at the end, although the speaker in the poem still did not favor the construction of a wall between him and his neighbor, he acknowledged the fact that walls are strategic as these set boundaries and limitations. Basically, the poem also illustrates that in real life, walls or boundaries, which are best exemplified by laws and rules, are necessary to maint ain order. 5. Cross by Langston Hughes The poem clearly depicts the speakers discombobulation about his identity.As the title of the poem says, the speaker is a cross between a washcloth man and a black woman and is confused about his true identity. He also wonders if he would share the same fate of his mother and father and yearns to know where he really belongs to. The poem also depicts two realities in life which are discrimination and racism. Basically, the poem suggests that if these two did not exist, the speaker would not have to long for acceptance and would not have to search for his identity.

European Tourism Essay Example for Free

European Tourism EssayThe article in question paints a perfective aspect picture of the little country of Andorra, one of the few places remaining on earth where culture and sanctitude has have not been overrun by the trappings of young life. After reading the article, one comes extraneous with a warm and happy feeling about what is going on in Andorra. It is a place, to be frank, that any psyche would want to visit in order to feel the beauty of the Pyrenees Mountains and understand the biography of Europe. The author is careful to point out the fact that Andorra is certainly not stuck in the 15th century, though.It has updated itself to modern culture and although you cannot catch a flight to the country, one could certainly drive there to take emolument of a few conveniences. Among those are the shopping, which the author spends a great deal of time talking about. It is elicit that a place with such a richness and wealth of history and culture would have to press barg ain basement tax breaks for pot to come and visit. In a way, this speaks to todays culture, where people are more concerned with commerce than they are with culture.Andorra is a perfect mix of that commerce and culture, though. It is a place that is naturally torn and conflicted between two of Europes most traditional powers, until now it somehow maintains a measure of neutrality and independence. It is similar to plenty of other countries in Europe in regards to size, but does not share many similarities beyond that. Andorra is a place that, according to the author, every person should get to see because of the beauty and history that will immediately engulf the senses.

Using a pendulum Essay Example for Free

Using a pendulum EssayTo run across the gravity by finding the spot of the oscillations of a pendulum and plotting a interpret. Hypothesis and Prediction the gravity from the graph is going to equal the gravity from the formula. Variables The independent variable is the length of the string The Dependent variable is the effect of one and only(a) oscillation Controlled variables are mass of the pendulum Equipment -Brass Ball -string -boss and clamp -stopwatch -2 metal blocks -Meter Ruler -Micrometer -The diameter of the establishment ball was measured using a micrometer. Then the value was dissever by 2 to slip away the radius.-the length of the string was measured -two metal block were clamped with the string in between, the string was tied to the bobsled -the bob was pulled to the side and released -the time was started when the bob passed the summons decline. -a full oscillation is when the bob passes the reference line forth back and forth again. the length of the string is increased or decreased in a regular pattern the time was monitored by reading through the stopwatch. -the same brass ball was use over the experiment to keep the mass constant. the length was varied 10 times with a 10 cm difference.-4 readings were taken for each(prenominal) 10 cm -the time was taken for 20 oscillations. And then divided by 20 to give one oscillation. Data Collection Table number Length of trace / M i 0. 05 Number of oscillations Time Taken/s i 0. 5 Period/s i The table contains the length of the string in meters, the number of oscillations, the time per 20 oscillations and the period of one oscillation. As the length of the string deceases , the time for 1 oscillation decreases. So the length of the string is now proportional to the period. Data Processing and presentation Example in working out average period when the string is 1. 01 The graph is plotted with Average period squared against length of string. Y=3. 9244x-0. 0087 3. 9244=gradient. 3. 92 44= (4(pi)2)/g g = (4(pi)2)/3. 9244 g=10. 060 from the graph.The average gravity from the formula= 100. 614/10= 10. 614 Conclusion the results where very close to the prediction just they werent the same as the graph is a scatter diagram.-the result from the graph is more accurate as the graph cancels inaccurate measurements.Evaluation -the method had weaknesses. -the angle of the pendulum to the reference line isnt the same in each reading which might cause a slight error. -the Air conditional may effect the pendulum it may change its speed or change its direction. it is difficult to stop the stopwatch and start it in the reference line exactly which might induce error sometimes the ball tends to move in a circular motion and the experiment will have to be repeated.

Analysis of Two Pictures by Dorothea Lange Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Two Pictures by Dorothea Lange EssayDorothea Lange is one of the Americas most renowned documentary photographers. Yet her piece of works squirt not be considered as purely documental. Lnges ability to demonstrate the inner world of her heroes and her skilled photographic techniques placed her works in the middle between photography and art. In this paper I will attempt to review and analyze twain Langes photographs Human wearing away in calcium ( migrant experience) and peasant and Her Mother. I am going to analyze them in hurt of style, symbolism and influence on future Langes career and development of the art of photography. Human Erosion in California and squirt and Her Mother are separated with the period of three years world make in 1936 and 1939 respectively. This was a clock time when Lange was about forty and her talent flourished reaching its highpoint. At that time she made her name as a social critic, as her matter of primary concern was the par cel of poor and dispossessed people . Human Erosion in California is probably her most cognise picture touching this theme. More broadly, Lange was interested in the people as they are and people in different situations.The Child and Her Mother is more a psychological than social work, or, better to say, a work on human psychology in a stagnating society. Here Lange could apply her experience she received workings with Maynard Dixon and in the portrait studio to develop her own original style . The picture that later became known as Human Erosion in California or Migrant Mother was originally made in California in 1936. This picture that became almost an iconic vision of the Great Depression depicts Florence Owens Thompson, a Cherokee woman whose husband died in 1932 leaving her with five children and expecting the sixth child.Describing their meeting Lange wrote I did not charter her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was 32. She said that they had been living o n frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields and birds that the children killed. She had just interchange the tires from her car to buy food. Lange has made several pictures of the same model to find the best perspective. The most far-famed of the pictures she made demonstrates a prematurely aged woman sitting in a camp with two underage children cuddling to their mother. The woman looks both tensed and tired.Her look can not be called desperate, she sooner seems to be disappointed and desolated. A woman can not afford herself to become frustrated as she has to care of the babies. Despite of all her grieves she looks strong and decisive. This picture places a model in the centre enchantment the details of the background are unimportant. Much later Thompson told that Langer promised her not to publish the picture and to send her a copy, yet she did neither. Officially the picture was made for the government and Lange never received royalties for it, precisely this work was a landmark that contributed greatly to her success.20 000 pounds of food arrived to the camp where the picture was made after publication of the picture, but Thompson has not received any since she had already moved in search of work . Durden observes that many of Langes pictures focus on the expressive potential of the bodys gesture . This is true for the Migrant Mother, but this feature of Langes work can be most obviously illustrated by the Child and Her Mother. The picture was made in 1939 in the Yakima Valley near Washington. It is less famous than the Migrant Mother, yet not less brilliant as it presents another aspect of Langes talent.Child and Her Mother is a socio-psychological work combining the view of a teenage frustration with social blunders. From the elegant point of view Lange used a different composition in this picture. In contrast to stable Migrant Mother this photograph presents movement and tensed rhythm. A child, who can also be sensed as a young girl downcast s her eyes linking against the wire fence while carefully discovered by her mother. Both stand on a sandy desert land burned by sun, but the mother attempts to cover her eyes while the daughter keeps them open.It appears that the girl is trying to escape the life story that her mother has lived in order to overcome sadness and poverty . Langes work in the measure of the Great Depression are not unique. Not less famous are, for example, works of Arthur Rothstein. Yet Lange is princely by her profound sympathetic understanding not of the social phenomena, but of the people suffering from it. This is a kind of female view of the Great Depression as an event that revealed the hidden sides of peoples characters. For this reason Langes pictures would hardly be lost in the stream of her contemporaries works.Works Cited 1. Partridge, Elizabeth. diligent Spirit The Life and Work of Dorothea Lange. Puffin, 1991 2. Meltzer, Milton. Dorothea Lange A Photographers Life. Syracuse University Press 1st Syracuse University Press Ed edition, 2000 3. Durden, Mark. Dorothea Lange. Phaidon Press, 2006 4. Spirn, Anne Winston. Daring to Look Dorothea Langes Photographs and Reports from the Field. University Of Chicago Press, 2008 5. Maksel, Rebecca. Migrant Madonna. Smithsonian magazine, March 2002. http//www. smithsonianmag. com/arts-culture/Migrant_Madonna. html retrieved April 27, 2009.

Macroeconomics Tutorial Test Essay Example for Free

Macrostintings Tutorial Test evidenceQuestion 1. (i) Identify and briefly explain the main features of the business cycle. (2 marks) Business cycles atomic number 18 usually characterized by periods of transition from bang to trough and consequently from trough to peak. The peak of a business cycle is the gamy excite of gross domestic product prior to a downturn whereas a Trough is the low point economic activity prior to a recovery. The period in which the economy is moving from a peak to a trough is called a contraction and the period in which the economy is moving from a trough to peak is an Expansion. (ii) Explain the archetypes of (a) potential return and (b) the output gap. (3 marks) Potential Output (y*) or full employment output is the level of GDP an economy cigarette produce when using its resources, such as labour and capital, at normal rates. This is non the same as maximum output. Potential output grows over measure with harvest-tide in labour and capita l and with growths in technology. At any point in time, the difference in the midst of the economys potential output and factual output is called the output gap (y y*). A positive output gap, which occurs when actual output is higher than potential output and when resources are being utilize at above-normal rates, is called an expansionary gap. This is related to firms operating above normal capacity and can lead them to raise legal injurys (inflationary). On the other hand, a negative output gap, which occurs when potential output exceeds actual output and when resources are non being utilised, is called a contractionary gap. This is related to capital and labour not being fully utilised (cost in terms of forgone output).(iii) Explain the concept of Okuns law. Discuss the implications of Okun law for politymakers. (5 marks) Okuns law states that each spear carrier percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with about a 1.6 percentage point (for Australia) increa se in the output gap, measured in relation to potential output. The quantitative family is (y-y*)/y* = -B(u-u*). This describes how an additional percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with a B percentage point decline in the output gap. The output losings associated sustained in recessions, calculated according to Okuns law, can be quite significant. Calculations using this relationship depict that output gaps and cyclical unemployment may have major costs. Therefore, we can conclude with the fact that the exoteric and policymakers have concern in relation to contractions and recessions.Question 2 (i) Discuss the role vie by fixed (or sticky) prices in the Keynesian model of income determination. Briefly explain what would happen if prices were fully flexible in the short run. (2 marks) New Keynesians assume prices and wages are fixed or sticky, meaning that they do not budge easily or quickly with alterations in supply and learn, so that quantity adjustment p revails. When prices are sticky, higher substance demand raises production, and this raises incomes. If prices were fully flexible in the short run, economys resources would be fully employed and thereby the economy would return to the natural level of real GDP. Firms would stop producing when price is lower than production cost, so there would be less competition.(ii) Explain the concept of Planned aggregative Expenditure (PAE). How does PAE differ from Actual Expenditure? (2 marks) Planned Aggregate Expenditure is the total planned consumption on final goods and services. In balance wheel, planned use of goods and services and actual expenditure must equal in the economy. The difference between planned and actual expenditure is unplanned inventory investment. When firms sell fewer products than planned, stocks of inventories increase. Because of this, actual expenditure can be above or below planned expenditure.(iii) Use the Keynesian coalesce expenditure model and appropria te diagrams to explain the following The paradox of thrift The effect on equilibrium GDP of an exogenous increase in exports. (6 marks)Question 3 (i) Explain what is meant by the multiplier? Why, in general, does a one dollar commute in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output? (3 marks) The income-expenditure multiplier, or the multiplier for short, is the effect of a one-unit increase in exogenous expenditure on short-run equilibrium output. For example, a multiplier of 3 means that a 6-unit decrease in exogenous expenditure reduces short-run equilibrium output by 18 units. Therefore, a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output as initial amount of expenditure leads to raised consumption disbursal resulting in an increase in national income greater than the initial amount of spending.(ii) Explain the role played by the marginal propensity to import in determining the size of the multiplier. Other things equ al, how does an increase in the marginal propensity to import affect the size of the multiplier? (3 marks) The marginal propensity to import is the change in imports divided by the change in useable income. It decides the slope of the aggregate expenditures line and is violate to the multiplier process. Similar to taxes, the marginal propensity to import tends to lower the size of the multiplier as demand for domestically produced final goods and services falls. An increase in the marginal propensity to import increases the value of the denominator of the equation, which then decreases the overall value of the fraction and thus the size of the multiplier.(iii) Use a diagram to illustrate the concept of short-run equilibrium in the Keynesian aggregate expenditure model. Suppose the economy is initially not in equilibrium, explain the process by which the economy adjusts to equilibrium. (4 marks)Question 4 (i) What are the main instruments of financial policy? Explain how each migh t be used to close an expansionary output gap. (4 marks) Main components of fiscal Policy administration expenditure Government spending of goods and services, investment and infrastructure directly affects total spending. If overly much or too little total spending causes output gaps, the presidency can assistant to guide the economy toward full employment by changing its own level of spending. Taxes or modify payments In contrast, changes in tax or slays do not affect planned spending directly. When disposable income rises households should spend more. Thus tax cut or increase in transfers should increase planned aggregate expenditure. Similarly, an increase in taxes or a cut in transfers, by lowering households disposable income, give tend to lower planned spending. This stimulates spending and eliminates contractionary gap.(ii) Explain what is meant by the politics budget constraint. Indicate how it provides a link between fiscal policy and public debt. (3 marks) Gover nment budget constraint is the term precondition to the concept that government spending in any period had to be financial either by raising taxes or by government espousal.We can denote government expenditure undertaken by the government in period t by Gt and transfer payments by Qt. Therefore, the total spending activities of the government can be noted as Gt+ Qt. Also, the government has three means at its disposal to finance this expenditure 1. Taxes available to be spent by government it time t denoted by Tt. 2. Issued security when government borrows money This is a financial asset that obliges the government to repay the loan, and pay interest, over some designated time period. Bt-2 is the stock of securities that the government still has owing at the end of the last period. Any new get that the government undertakes in period t will be denoted as Bt Bt-1. The stockpile of debt that accumulates when government continues borrowing money is called the public debt. 3. Inter est needed to pay on governments stock of debt in any time t the government pays interest of rBt-1 where r is the real rate of interest. Government expenditures (purchases, transfer payments and interest payments) in any period need to be funded by taxes or by borrowing. This is the Government budget constraint summarized as below Gt+ Qt + rBt-1 = Tt + (Bt Bt-1).If we rearrange this so that gross taxes are on the left-hand side, the link between fiscal policy and the stock of public debt becomes readily apparent Gt+ Qt Tt + rBt-1 = (Bt Bt-1).(iii) Explain the difference between discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers. Which one of these will be the main influence on the size of the structural budget deficit? Explain. (3 marks) Discretionary fiscal policy makes to deliberate changes in the level of government spending, transfer payments or in tax rates. Automatic stabilizers refer to the tendency for a system of taxes and transfers, which are related to the level o f income to automatically reduce the size of GDP fluctuations.

Market structures Essay Example for Free

Market structures EssayThis week was really informative and interesting for me, I apply learned a lot from this week. This week has helped me in comparing various market structures and their characteristic, on with evaluating the effectiveness of free-enterprise(a) strategies within market structures. Further more, this week has helped me in determining profit- maximising strategies based on market structure analysis. Some of the most interesting things learned were the examples of monopolistically, oligopoly and monopoly. Keeping the concepts of Monopoly, oligopoly and perfect competition straightaway has proven to be a real challenge. The number of information presented is overwhelming at generation. I had to footstep back and reread several sections repeatedly to ensure a clear understanding. The side-by-side comparisons of market structure was very(prenominal) helpful and presented in a manner that was clear and concise, promoting a better understanding of their di fferences. noncompetitiveally would be cocoa shops there is a lot of different coffee shops in unrivalled area each coffee shops offers certain specialize different from the some some other shops. An oligopoly would be vet office with only a hardly a(prenominal) in a certain locations. An example of monopoly market would be a telephone community that is appoint to a certain area. A monopoly is a troupe that rules a location but if priced to high from competitors tail end lose if monopoly. When firms consider profit-maximizing strategies it is important to look at the short-term and long-term processes of product output. When doing this, one call for examine the different types of competition. Any market types of competition ordain affect a companys borderline revenue and marginal costs. A monopoly can control the market of certain goods or assistance, and a phone company is an example of this. Phone companies often are the only supplier, so they have no competition and set their prices as consumers forget pay them. In a monopolistic competitive environment competitive strategies are constantly changing beca put on of different goods and services hitting the market.Finally, an oligopoly environment an presidential term will bear in mind how its actions will affect its rivals. Many firms use the concepts to be successful. I was qualified to understand what a market economy is. I alike was able to understand how a market works. A market works by an individual providing a service and in return that person would be compensated for that service. Also when someone wants a product in order to receive that product a payment is made in exchange for thus product. The chapter also goes on to discuss capitalism and socialism, I would define socialism as a society do the decision about what people want and strike and how much of those products to produce, basically the society is making the decision. capitalism I feel based on the definition stated in the text book, can be defined as when a small group of individuals have the main control over the arrogant companys of products and service that are used on a daily basis. This allows them to set a price and the amount of the product or service that are available. The chapter also makes us aware of feudalism, which basically actor you notice the footsteps of your predecessors, if your parents were farmers you will be a farmer, in essence following the traditions. The chapter also discusses Mercantilism, this in essence means that the government has the means and the rights to hire a non government controlled company in order to achieve the needs of the government.I did very well with the various market structures and their characteristics, but not so well with the other topics. A monopoly is the only player in their respective industry. An example of a monopoly is the local power company because you cant get power anywhere else, unless it is natural energy. An oligopoly is similar t o a monopoly but there is more than one firm that dominates the market. An example of an oligopoly is the operating software for smart phones, which has deuce dominate players, Apple and Google. Monopolistic competition is where many companies address basically the uniform product with minor differences. Perfect competition is when everyone sells the analogous thing, everyone has the same information, and it is easy to enter and exit into the market. I personally do not believe that an example of perfect competition exists the closest industry may be agriculture.For firms to maximize their profits costs need to be kept low and revenues need to be boosted. Whichever route a company uses to maximize profits, it will affect both cost and revenue. For instance, if a company decides to advertise a new product, the advertising will affect cost and revenue. The price of the advertising will increase the costs of the product, but at the same time increase revenues because consumers are n ow aware of the product. The chapters on Monopoly Perfect Competition were as I had previously understood, and the conditions for each make sense. The development of evolving economic systems as discussed in Chapter 3 was like a history lesson review and the restatement of the three different types of businesses that exist (sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation) a good reminder of what has been learned in prior classes.I gained some new understandings of Monopolistic Competition I had never heard the two used together before, but is a nice blend of the two market types. I didnt push with any of these things. What I did struggle with was the concepts, structures, and quite frankly the math surrounding Pricing and Profit maximisation in all the markets. I found it counter intuitive to my experience in business to not produce more, so as to create demand and keep pricing high, as is suggested in a Monopoly. The profit maximizing exercise was a challenge which boiled down to MR = MC is the profit maximizing rule for the monopolist. (Colander, 2010) This differs from the profit maximizing equation for Perfect Competition which is MC = MR = P but the TR and TCC graph for evaluating the best output level is perplexing and will likely take me the better part of 20 minutes to put one together myself I did enjoy this weeks team assignment. Was gratifying writing about the new product option and theorizing about the potential for said product.This weeks readings covered many different kinds of market structures. Starting with the basic Perfect Competition where the businesses sell the hold same product, to a monopoly that states that there is only one business that has complete control. From Monopolistic Competition which is where the businesses sell a similar product but not an identical product to the Oligopoly which is where there a some giants that control the industry. We went through all the different market structures, and there were many examples that were given to help apologise the differences between the different market structures. One of the parts of the reading that I found very interesting, was on page 369, it discussed the idea of a sticky prices This is where the idea is that if one company lowers its prices to try and gain business.The other businesses that are in competition will lower their prices too. This will prevent anyone from getting an edge on the competition. The gas prices are a perfect example of this. In Chapter 15, the cost of upbeat Cost Triangle, is discussed. The Welfare Cost Triangle is one of the many reasons that Monopolys are frowned upon by economists. It creates an untrue reflection to the cost to the society. With a monopoly the business can charge any price that they see fit and therefore it creates and unbalanced marginal cost.Chapter 3 discussed the idea that it is not just the coupled States Economy that is affected across the world. Many times as we are going through our lessons, an d we, as a class are discussing economics, I spill to remember that there are many more markets in the world then just the United States. The chapter discusses the history of economics and how they work in the different social environments. They were very straight forward and very self explanatory.ReferencesColander, D. C. (2010).Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Internal and External Constraints Facing Venetian Ices Ltd Essay Example for Free

inner and External Constraints Facing Venetian Ices Ltd EssayConstraints are laws, which the companion must abide by. thither are two different types of constraints these are internal and external constraints. Internal constraints are those that the company controls their selves such as* Availability of pay* Existing company insurance policy* Peoples deportmentExternal constraints are decisions that are made outside the companys control such as* Government and EC legislation* Competitors behaviour* Lack of technology* The economic environmentThe internal constraints facing Venetian ices include1.EquipmentVenetian Ices need equipment in order to produce their goods and in like manner keep the ice drub frozen. So obviously they provide need equipment such as freezers (to store the ice cream), new ice cream making machines in order to produce the ice cream for the customers. They leave alone likewise need a mobile van, so that customers could get ice cream in different ar eas. Another equipment that Venetian Ices could conduct is packaging, this will be for customers who would want to buy a whole tub of ice cream from them. There are some fusss, which may occur when replacement or extra equipment is needed. Venetian ices could in point find themselves in a position where they are unable to afford the equipment that they would want available to them. In the case of additional equipment there may not be enough room on the flowerpot of enough pursueees to operate all the machinery.2. Financing the development of a Franchisee operationVenetian Ices must bid finance to their franchisees in order to get them started and set up in the business world. Venetian Ices scum bag get their finance from a number of places and ways. The first is retained profit, but that can possible turf out difficult for them, as undersized companies such as themselves only tend to make a small profit. They can also get their finance from selling as much ice cream as they possibly can. Venetian ices would have to buy all the equipment and premised that they would require when they are setting up a business up and also recompenseing all of the workers in their franchisee. This means that when a new franchisee joins at first Venetian Ices have to spend a disperse of capital and get little impale in return.3. Staffing for Increased Production OutputBy increasing the number of staff it would increase the rig of the company, but this will mean having to pay out more money in order to pay their new employees. Also they may have a problem with the size of the premises. There could be a problem with the amount of people allowed to work in the building, if there isnt enough room for everyone they would have to employ less people then they would like.Some External constraints that may affect Venetian Ices include1.Raising financeHow much finance Venetian Ices can raise depends a lot on the public who acquire ice cream from them and also investors who de cide to invest money in the company. This could cause a problem though because in winter ice cream is less popular and a whole lot less people would come and purchase ice cream during the cold period. This could therefore mean investors will not want to invest in an ice cream company, which for part of the reason will not raise much finance.2. Planning PermissionIf Venetian Ices decided they wanted to expand their premises or decide to build new premises for their company, they would require planning permission from the local council or the government. If Venetian Ices did decide to go ahead with an extension or the building of a new building without a contract from the authorities then they could be taken to court and forced to abandon work on their new premises completely.3. FranchisingVenetian Ices do not have complete control over its franchisees, as the franchiser does not always check them on. This can mean that franchisees may run the business against the company policy and u se different and methods. For example if the franchisee trains the staff in how to recruit then the staff must do exactly as they are told to, if they recruit people in a different way or people who Venetian Ices dont want. This could die hard to the company having a bad reputation.4. LawVenetian Ices must embrace and work by all the laws. There has being laws set about methods of employment, training, European regulations and also provender which would defiantly apply to Venetian Ices. These laws can be checked often by government inspectors.5. touristryTourism is a big market for Venetian Ices as they make up a swelled percentage of customers in some areas where there are mobile and ice cream parlours. Tourist also often purchases goods on impulse. However, Venetian Ices cannot insure that the number of tourists in a certain area will re primary(prenominal) the same all the time.6. Foot and Mouth DiseaseAnother outbreak of foot and speak can cause serious problems for Veneti an Ices. Foot and Mouth affect cows, which Venetian ices, depends on for its main ingredient, which is milk. Another foot and talk epidemic breaking out would make it hard obtaining the milk and also getting it transported as certain areas of the countryside would be shut off, therefore making transportation hard. Foot and mouth can also cause tourism to drop in certain areas and possibly even close. This would lead Venetian Ices in an awful position in them areas affected by foot and mouth. There could possibly be people who would want to stay away from the ice cream due to foot and mouth.

Developed nations Essay Example for Free

Developed nations EssayDeveloped nations such as Canada, Japan, Australia and the States atomic tot 18 emitting the most air pollutants in the arena and contribute in much emission of young house gases in the atmosphere. Developed nations use much of the indispensable resources until a near depletion occurs. Hover on that point are exceptions in that Germany, Sweden and Norway governments have worked with environment and they have benefited sparingally due to their environment sustainability (Pickering Owen, 213).Environmental abasement in the third sphere is exacerbated by international dumping of hazardous wastes and environmental imperialism. Third world countries do not have many choices to choose from and their environment is partly degraded by actual countries. These acts of the developed nations of cleaning their backyard and then transporting their hazardous wastes to the third world countries as well as unforgiving the developed countries to develop violates the principles of sustainable environment.First world countries degrade the environment because they consume more of the natural resources (Pickering Owen, 213). Environmental issues of china and Latin America In china there is a growing cite of the ever increasing desertification on the northeastern and western side of the boorish. Desertification is being exacerbated by climate motley in china and result from excessive industrialization on the fragile ecosystems and poor worldly concern wariness (Rajan, 321).The unrestrained industrialization and development that is taking place throughout the country is making china to be vulnerable to the growing changes of climate due to the increased levels of green house gas emissions in the atmosphere. For causa extreme ecological events melting of glaciers and rising temperatures are now common in china anyways desertification. These phenomena have detrimental effects on human health and the fragile ecosystems (Rajan, 328). Dese rtification engulfs the ecosystems with sand and reduces the available cultivatable land thus creates eco- refugees.Shrinking glaciers on the early(a) hand temporary raises the level of after in lakes and river and eventually disappears leaving an acute shortage of water. The economy of china is based mainly on char for cheap energy and heavy industry that emits high levels of green house gases and thus accelerates global heating system and climate change (Rajan, 321). However Chinese government is now using experimental means and sentimental precipitation to alleviate the short term effects of the climate change.The government is similarly adopting stricter energy saving legislation and increasing international cooperation to help fight the problem of climate change (Rajan, 3330). On the other hand the municipalities of china generate more than a hundred million tones of trash wastes per annum and currently the bill is rapidly rising. The existing land fills in china are re aching their capacity and therefore china will be required to build more land fills to satisfy the ever increasing touchstone of garbage accumulated.China will withal be required to make up the poorly managed land fills (Rajan, 330). The problem of solid waste leakages from poorly managed land fills has rendered many hectares of land around the cities to be unavailing and therefore it is posing a great land constrains since china supports a big percentage of the world population and has a small percentage of the arable land. China is also facing human health and ecological threats from the Brownfield sites that are stemming from poorly managed landfills and from older landfills that do not have proper lining.There are problems of illegal dumping of industrial and municipal wastes that are exacerbating the situation. The incineration of waste in china is also emitting chemicals such as mercury, furans and dioxins which are harmful to the health of slew globally (Rajan, 431). It i s difficult to understate the environmental pollution of china on the pacific region of Asia and beyond. The prevailing wind often carries pollutants such as mercury particulate matters and ozone from one continent to another continent and in this case the pollutants are carried from Asia to northwestern America.The overall trend of air pollution in china indicates a growing health and economic threats both within and outside china. The regional impact of air pollution in china has promote cooperation and new information on environmental, economic and human health implications of pollution of china on the north eastern side of Asia and western side of United States and Canada calls for global efforts to engage china in these issues (Rajan, 441). The volume of the regional trans-boundary air pollution in china originates from its heavy reliance on coal which constitutes closely 70 percent of its global energy mix.Despite efforts to diversify the energy sources in china the countr y has continued to rely on coal and it seem it will continue to rely on the akin for the fore seeable future. The dependence on coal and the miss of scrubbers and coal washing infrastructures at big businessman plants and industrial facilities and its plan to build new coal powered stations translates to wide spread of environmental and health issues in pacific region of Asia and beyond. Car emission in china has replaced coal as the major source of air pollution in urban centers.Currently sixteen out of xx most polluted sites are in china and therefore the emission will worsens the air superior in china. The current data shows that china has 22 cars per degree Celsius0 people compared to United States which has 764 cars per 1000 people however china is on its way of comely the dominant market for automobiles. Due to WTO reduction the number of vehicle in china are expected to rise from the current 24 million to 100 million by the year 2020. In china there is a car culture t hat is growing similar to that was witnessed in 1940s in the United States.a prime example is the car campaign clubs. There are many obstacles which face the policies for cleaner cars (Rajan, 450). On the other hand current industrial pollution in Latin America is a growing problem. Latin America is predominantly becoming an urban society and its environmental pollution issues are becoming important issues on the political agenda (Diaz West, 73). Mexico, Brazil and Argentina account for about four-fifth of manufacturing production in the region and hence constitute the wad of industrial pollution in Latin America.Data for air pollution which have been obtained shows that concentrations of pollutant in the major cities are above World health organizations (WHO) guide lines for the air quality standards (Diaz West, 74). However it is only Sao Paulo whose data on air pollution falls within the quality standards provided by world health organization. some other element that is con tributing to air pollution in Latin America is emissions from vehicles. There are also problems of water quality both to the regional rivers and coastal waters.For instance most watersheds in Mexico are powerfully polluted (Diaz West, 76). The stretches of Paribas do Sul river of Rio de Janeiro and most of its tributaries are badly polluted as it is in Guanabara Bay. Due to lack of monitoring of pollution in Latin America it is difficult to obtain estimates of industrial effluents and emissions. Population ontogeny in urban centers in Latin America has also caused slides deforestation and soil loss for factory farm in the peripheries of the urban centers (Hillstrom Hillstrom, 89).

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Essay

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Es consecrate morality in the craft sector especially in the operations heed is acquiring more popularity. honorable motive is concerned round the rules of human doings and involves whether or non there is any intention upright or wrong. The matter of morality is divided into sealed divisions which intromit descriptive morality, honourable surmise, and applied morals. In traffic, the concept of morality is present for thousands of age now. The purpose of this search is to explore the body of knowledge with regards to respectable motive in operations counsel. Three questions atomic number 18 presented to manipulate directions as notes (1) what be estimable issues faced in operations precaution (2) how do companies resolve ethical issues in their operations circumspection and (3) does ethical behavior deep overmaster the operations function need management. Operations management refers to the approach of m anaging, designing, improving, and operating work exhibites or systems that ar focused on producing or delivering unattackables and dish ups. A review of literature astir(predicate) the operations management and the ethical issues within it is conducted to obtain answers to the research questions which argon presented by the end part.Chapter IIntroduction moral philosophy is a term which refers to moral philosophy that focuses on the aspects of good aliveness and the difference betwixt better(p) and worse. moral philosophy is concerned or so the rules of human behavior and considers whether or non there is any objective right or wrong. Furthermore, moral philosophy is concerned about the foundations of moral principles and how it evolved. Vee and Skitmore (2003) listed iii things that contitute ethics as follows (1) ethics refers to a system of moral principles which serves as a creation for judging actions as right or wrong (2) ethics refers to the rules of conduc t which illustrates a particular accetable group of human actions and (3) ethics refers to moral principles of an individual. Considering the explanation of ethics, it can be deemed that its main objective is to guide the friendship on deciding what is good from giving and what is better from worse which is also referred to as normative ethics. This whitethorn be done in a general way or may address certain ethical issues only. An separate form or ethics is termed as metaethics wherein the meaning of ethical language is analyzed to identify their align meaning. Simply speaking, the true meaning of referring to aroundthing as a moral act or a right act is analyzed.The study of ethics is divided into certain divisions which let in descriptive morality, ethical guess, and applied ethics. The first division which is termed as descriptive morality refers to ethics which is based from the actual principles, customs, beliefs, and practices of the society. Cultural situations differ from certain societal groups to an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) around the demesne and these forms as the basis for their acts and what they believe should be right. Second division of ethics is ethical supposition which refers to the d experiencestairsstanding and justification of moral concepts, principles, and theories. Final division is applied ethics which is focused on the ethical issues in the society. This report belongs to the applied ethics division since its objective is to obtain an understanding on ethics in tune and the ethical issues in operations management and how may these be resolved. To grasp this objective, any(prenominal) basic concepts on ethics shall first be discussed followed by its relation to the business world specifically in operations management. More all over, a literature review shall be conducted to examine the common ethical issues that occur in operations management and how these are faced by the business sector and early(a) concerned societal groups. This report is expected to add in the body of knowledge which is concerned about ethics in the workplace with discussions that connect the three mentioned division of ethics. Its significance shall be seen in a way that it examines the ethical trends and changes that occur in the business sector from the customs dutyal era to the modern era. look for questions that pass on serve as guides for the paper are as follows (1) what are ethical issues faced in operations management (2) how do companies resolve ethical issues in their operations management and (3) does ethical behavior within the operations function need management. about examples of ethical considerations in operations management terminations include customer safety, employee safety, materials recyclability, waste disposal, pollutions, repetitive tasks, stress in workplace, re unforgivingive federation cultures, employment policies, fluctuations in functional hours, consumption of energy, energy effi ciency, implications of plant location, closure, and vertical integration on employment, impact of serve location on environment, and exploitation of resources. The next section shall present a literature review of the ethical issue in operations management that actually existed in the business sector and how are they resolved. It shall provide an overview of the ethical issues in the real world to offer a better understanding of the phenomenon.Chapter IILiterature ReviewBusinesses in todays world are faced with the pressing of having to comply with the ethical standards to cover their continued commercialize perceptivity without risk of being stripped out of the limelight. Businesses face this resign exception through their own somatic affectionate business. In this review, the literature regarding the ethical issues in operations management is explored. Articles wrote by authors who focused on the national of ethics in operations management are identified. Subtopics to be considered are the ethical issues that exist and challenge the operations management, the ethical leadership of an operations autobus, their ethical finding- reservation, how the operations managers ethically influence the people under them, and how ethics in operations management can boost the morale and integrity of an composition as a whole. This review is structured to analyze ethics in operations management through a deeper examination on the mentioned subtopics and findings are considered in the end.Ethical ReasoningEthical views differ from one society to an different cod to the differences in religion. People more often take their religion as the basis for their ethical reasoning since religions present a certain standard for morality. For example, Christians are guided by the go Commandments found on the Bible. Other religions are also guided by their own religious books interchangeable the Koran and Bhagavad Gita which teaches what people ought to do. Models for g ood or moral acts are also established in some religions the like the Saints or holy people. Despite the fact that the society seem to make grown with the tradition of basing their ethical standards with their own religions, philosophers believe that ethics can stand alone without religious grounds. In philosophy, ethics base its outline on what is right or wrong on reasoning and experience alternatively than incorporating religious standards and teachings. This fact also articulates that people who adjudge valid ethical views or ethical standards of active are not only those that belong to any religious sector but also those that do not believe to any religion at all. Moreover, the challenge for religious ethics is the idea that something is referred to as ethical because it is approved by God which makes it arbitrary. Ethics should be independent and saying that something is right or wrong should not be based on someones approval. For this reason, a psyche should learn to look at his own skill of moral reasoning. The goal of philosophical ethics is to deal with ethical issues without regarding to any religious views.Ethics is evaluative. This means that referring to an act as either a rightful act or a outlawed act is equivalent to judging or evaluating it. However, it is not enough just judge or valuate something. A judgment should be supported by certain norms or reason. Furthermore, it is not acceptable to say that a conclusion is given just because the speaker feels that way. A speaker who evaluates something is expected to explain deeper why he delivered such conclusion or attitude. Giving justifications to certain ethical conclusion is essential to ethics. A persons reasoning may be based from a prior experience regarding the said conclusion. Reasoning may not always be rational of objective since every(prenominal)one can admit that in every decision making done, emotions and feelings always interfere. A person can conclude that say because he might sport experienced the emotions that are accompanied in that certain situation.Ethical evaluation has several domains including action, consequences, character, and motive. In evaluating a certain situation, the actions of either the parties involved constitute either right or wrong deeds. When concluding who of the parties is right, it is requisite that a person know the meaning of the term right. Right actions are those that are permissible including those that are obligatory and optional while wrong actions are those that are not permissible. some other domain of evaluating an ethical situation is the analysis of the consequences. An action is considered right if the results are positive while it is considered wrong when the consequences are other than negative. This is studied in teteological ethics which is beyond the scope of this report. Another area of ethical evaluation is the analysis of character of the doer of an action. People with bad character traits usual ly has negative outlook on life and are likely to act in a way harmful to others. Last domain if ethical evaluation is the motive or intention behind an action. These ethical evaluation domains shall guide this report in analyzing the reasons behind ethical issues that exist in business.Ethics in BusinessEthics in business is not a new trend. In fact, it is already present for over four thousand years now. With the changing trends in the business world, the society is getting more concerned about the corporate duty of businesses. Debates have also been conducted focusing on the mixer issue of indigence among the workers and the corresponding responsibility of the employers about the issue. Even in the ancient epochs, issues on ethics in business can be detect just like in the teachings of Aristotle about the harmful effects of the gaps that exist between the economical work of goods and the profit making objective of many merchants. At present, the rise of the concept of corpor ate social responsibility among the business sector constitutes corporate initiatives of integrating several ethical aspects such as establishment of figures of conduct, environment management system measures, health and safety in the workplace, compliance to financial reporting standards, certifications schemes, company partnerships with biotic community groups, and support for projects that are aimed for community development.There are several factors for the demand of the society for business ethics as a corporate responsibility. Some of these include the changing social role of corporate entities, globalization, developments in technology, and moral authority democratization. In the past, the responsibility or regulating all aspects of social life rests in the hands of the government. However, with the evolution of time, some duties are being moved from the government to the other sectors of the society including the individuals, the social groups, and the business sector. Wit h this trend, corporate entities are call for to establish their own self-regulation policies especially that the government has recognized the fact that fully controlling the business sector is not always an efficient way of influencing corporate behavior. increment pressure is put on the business sector about the possible consequences of their policies on the society.Globalization is another driving factor for the societys demand of business ethics among the business sector. Currently, many businesses enter the international market and corporations tend to invest worldwide since this gives them more opportunities to grow. However, with the trend of entering in several(predicate) foreign markets, there are thickening things to consider including ethics. Customs and traditions in foreign lands differ from each other and some business practices that may be acceptable to one nation may not be authorized in the same sense in another. Businesses are often expected to adapt with the customs and set of the foreign land that they are trying to penetrate. Pressure on companys corporate social responsibility is exalted since there is still no firm and sound supervision governing the international business behavior.Developments in technology seem to be a great source of questions of morality. Technology at the rate of flow time is considered advanced and it provides a way for people to experience things that are thought to be impossible before. expert development brings convenience to the society and contributes to the establishment of a kind of life that is better than before. Ethics catch to picture as the society examines the real consequences of technology to the way of life. The effect of technology to the world is complex and the government has not enough capacity to handle the issues accompanying it which makes it necessary for the business sector to take actions on whatever consequences their own technology may bring.In the past, moral authority often rests among a few groups in the society including the Church, the government, and the theorists. At present, the opinions of the mentioned authorities are now considered as a fifty-fifty opinion which can be aligned with the opinions of a regular entity. The power and control they once had over judging and handling ethical issues has faded and now there is a democratization of moral authority. This over again puts pressure on the business sector to manage their ethical affairs seriously since everyone seem to have the authority to criticize their business practices are compliance to ethical standards. Businesses are compelled to open their policies to the public when questioned about their business ethics. Moreover, with the intrusion of media, the businesses are more exposed to public which makes them susceptible to any ethical criticism.The kinship of a business to its stakeholders is the primary concern of business ethics. Stakeholders may include all the entities that have r ice beer on a company or are influenced by the company such as the shareholders, the customers, the employees, suppliers, competitors, the government, and others. quest business strategies that will consider the interest of all the stakeholders is not an easy task for a company but an of import mission of every manager and all the high ranking company officials. comparable any other company managers, operations manager has one of the most beta duties of handling decision making playes regarding ethics in operations management.Ethics in Operations ManagementTo obtain a better understanding of operations management, it is necessary to define what operations mean. Operations refer to the portion of business which is responsible for the crosswayion of goods and services. Operations management therefore refers to the approach of managing, designing, improving, and operating business processes or systems that are focused on producing or delivering goods and services. In other words, operations management involves the process of converting a set of inputs into outputs (Hassin, 2009). The term operations management originated from the concept of productions management used in the past which refers to the process of converting warm materials into finished products. However, with the evolution of time, the term expanded to production and operations management to integrate the operations in the servicing industry until currently, it is now termed as operations management.The main objective of the operations management is to ensure that products and services are delivered to customers at best quality but at lowest costs. Some enormous organizations have separate operations management departments that do operations activities while some companies do not have, but regardless of this fact, all organizations have operations endeavors and every organizational piece is involved in operations in some way. A companys operations management function is headed by the operat ions manager who has the primary duty of managing resources involved in operations. Some of the areas of decision making that are included in the duties of a companys operations management are formulation of operations dodge, setting of operations performance objectives, configuring process types, ensuring prompt service, layout design, planning for long-term capacity, facility location, technology to be adopted, designing of products and services, designing processes, and employee motivation.Business activities which are considered as operations include manufacturing, supply, transport, and service. Manufacturing activity involves the conversion of raw materials to final products which are eventually interchange to customers. Supply is another business activity which involves the change of ownership of a certain physical good from the company to the customer. This is a usual business activity among the companies in the retail distribution industry. Third business activity describe d as included in operations is transport. This refers to the process of transferring of goods from one place to another. Finally, service is an operations activity which involves changing of the condition of the customers. Operations of a certain company may not only be limited to only one of the mentioned activities. For example, a company which manufactures a certain product also supplies the same to the end customers. In this company, several operations management activities involved are manufacturing, supply, and transport.unlike organizations belonging to different industries adopt operations strategies that fit their businesses. However, some approaches adopted by different organizations in their operations strategies tend to be common and similar to each other. Certain requirements for an effective operations schema include appropriateness, comprehensiveness, coherence, consistence, credibility, and ethicality. Appropriateness refers to the alignment of the operations syste m with the companys competitive strategy. This is especially necessary when operations strategy is formulated for the purpose of connecting the companys operations to its goal of developing a competitive edge over the competitors. An operations strategy is also required to be comprehensive where all aspect of operations is tackled. Operations management is included in a companys complex process of business and achieving excellent performance which makes it necessary for every strategy to deal with every aspect of operations sort of than limiting tactics on youngster operational decisions. Furthermore, it is not enough that operations strategy be comprehensive, it must also be coherent. any element of the strategy which refers to specific operations function must point to the same direction for the strategy to be effective. From period to period, operations strategy may be modified but one definitive thing is noted, it should be consistent through time. Credibility is another fac tor for an effective operations strategy. It is burning(prenominal) that every strategic goal is realizable to maintain credibility. A strategic objective which the operations management failed to fulfil may give a negative impact on the strategy and the employees may be discouraged to support it subsequently. Finally, an effective operations strategy should be ethical. An operation strategy may have consequences after its implementation which makes it necessary to be formulated based of ethical standards.The role of ethics in operations management is important especially in world-class operations and it should be considered in corporate responsibility. This claim is based on the fact that most of the ethical issues in businesses originate from the operations level. Another reason for importance of ethics is the ethical consequences that arise from the strategy of some companies to obtain cost profit by outsourcing. Ethics in operations management is concerned on the way how prof it is obtained rather than on the quantity of profit which is considered enough. The tension is between profits and the responsibilities of the company.Steenkamp (2010) described operations management as a management function which receives least attention and understanding. Aspects in operations are often leave to the engineers and other concerned professionals or especialists. The term is not even used among the organizations in the servicing industry. Realizing this gap, it is important to understand that operations management should be taken into consideration since it is one of the functions that helps an organization to create and increase its value. Ethical issues comes with the importance of understanding operations management.Ethical dilemmas refer to a certain situation or issue wherein a decision has to be made to adopt one of the two equally pressing yet incompatible alternatives (Mirwoba, 2009). One popular ethical issue discussed in the literature regarding operations management is opportunism. This issue has been a topic of many empirical studies conducted to focus on business and management field. self- want is considered in the literature as an wrong behavior which refers to the abuse of opportunity. In company operations, managers or other professionals involved are vulnerable to unethical choices repayable to plentiful number of opportunities which may be abused. Some of the factors that drive professionals to engage in unethical behaviors are the pressures brought by the demands for cost reduction and unrealizable strategic objectives. One area of operations which is faced with an increase vulnerability of engaging to unethical behavior is the procurance since the employee assigned in this process handles a significant amount of company resources (Carter, 2000). Furthermore, the procurement process has an increased exposure to the external environment of a certain organization which makes it possible for easy conduct of an unethical ac t. This is not beneficial to the organization since its reputation is in jeopardy since the employee assigned in the procurement process acts in behalf of the organization as a whole when dealing with third parties.The empirical and conceptual research history of ethics in the procurement process of a business is affluent. The procurement activity within business operations is also the subject of another article by Ho (2012). The importance of ethics in managing business operations is stressed out in the article. Ethics is an essential requirement in order to build and maintain a good relationship between a business entity and other parties included in the conduct of its operations such as the suppliers. The procurement function in a business organization is critical for the achievement of business goals since. An organizations effective operations depend on the effective performance of the purchasing function while achieving global competitiveness depends on effective operations. I t is therefore important that ethics is integrated in the whole process to ensure good relationship to suppliers and eventually to satisy the unavoidably and wants of the customers. One ethical challenge by procurement officers is the situation where many suppliers compete and offer different favors and gifts just to create a business deal. In many situations, the relationship of the procurement officer not only to the supplier but also to his employer may also be affected. More ethical challenges include having to exagerate the problem of either the buyer or the supplier in order to obtain a business deal, offering preferential treatment to certain parties, allowing certain personalities to interfere with business deals, engaging in reciprocity, and seeking and providing information of different qoutes from different competitors either in a fair or unfair manner. bribery is another requently mentioned ethical issue in the literature (Vee Skitmore, 2003). Bribery refers to the act of offering payments, goods or opportunities in exchange for something favorable. Accepting gifts is not a bad act but the situation tells whether it is unethical. When in operations, pass judgment gifts from people who have direct influence on the operations functions maybe considered as unethical expecially when the person being gifted and have the ability to satisfy the interest of the gift giver. Other ethical issues to consider in operations are breach of confidence, negligence, and fraud.The establishment of a code of conduct within an organization can greatly help operations especialists to see on a certain ethical issue. Everyday, everyone are faced with the need to decide on a certain ethical issue. Organizations are faced with the pressure of having to demonstrate to the public their ability to decide correctly on an ethical issue. Organizations need to maintain a good reputation and the public trust to ensure their existence on the market. In order to achieve this, it is important for an organization to develop their own ethical code of conduct to guide every employee to decide correctly and to instill discipline among them.Ethical leadership is seen as an important factor to instill ethics in a certain organization (Monahan, 2012). In the literature, ethical leadership is increasingly studied applicable to the operations of organizations. Many articles relating to the role of unethical behaviors in the failure of great companies take the example of Enron where thousands of employees were harmed due to the unethical actions of a few executives. Not only were the employees harmed but the ethical controversy also influenced other external factors such as the confidence of the public over the financial systems and the emergence of more strict government legislations. The increasing number of companies being involved in many ethical controversies which even brought them down made it possible for the others to realize the importance of integrating et hics in managing company operations in order to ensure profitability. Companies are more and more aware of this trend and have started to take actions to direct their strategic plans to include ethical strategies in their paths to success. However, this move is never an easy way since in the current business environment where every company strives for international penetration or globalization and competition is getting tougher, ethical considerations are getting complex and extensive too. In this situation, ethical leadership in a company is needed to be headed by a charismatic leader (Mackie, Taylor, Finegold, Daar, Singer, 2006).In two studies mentioned by (Monahan, 2012), it was revealed that one problem among organizations that concerns ethics is the lack of ethical leadership. Employees often do unethical actions or misconducts due to their lack of trust over their company leaders and the situation is even worsened by the poverty and weak economy. Furthermore, survey results support the idea since a significant percentage of employees were observed to question themselves is ethics even exists within their own organizations. Actually, having to follow the standards is an easy task. However, everythings gets complicated when ethical dilemmas arise and there is no one in the organization to take responsibility. This prompted the need of every organization to have an ethical leader.Managing ethical behavior not only within operations management but within an organization as a whole is one of the nost pervasive and complex challenge of modern companies (Stead, Worrell, Stead, 1990). There are three theories introduced in the literature which describe ethical leadership (Plinio, 2009). These theories include transformational leadership, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The first theory states that a leadership transforms both the leader and followers through increasing the level of conducts and aspirations. The second theory, on the other hand, states that the leader should possess the character of devotion to change the ethical views of the followers. Finally, the third theory states that ethics comes from every individual through being true to themselves. Ethical character within an organization will not be achieved unless every member develops their own ethical character within themselves. Every member of an organization should have the choice of analyzing their inner character in every mistakes done, career setbacks that occur, and failures on their jobs. In other words, every organizational leader should develop their integrity to foster ethics.Harris, Sapienza, and Bowie (2011) mentioned in their article the decision-making process of managers. Individual differ in ethical decision-making. In fact, those that belong to the business world even have greater differences than those that do not. The differences may be due to different influences such as socio-cultural factors.Decision-making in a certain ethical situatio n is really a dilemma. This is especially true when the operations manager is required to choose between two alternatives which are unfavorable. This can be considered a tough challenge for the person in the situation. In some cases, ethical dilemmas may be impossible to resolve due to reasons like disintegration of value system. In todays world when every company aims for globalization, companies are faced with conflicting issues between the company objective of profitability and their corporate social responsibility. Ethics in the global market is complicated, so is the decision-making that operations managers have to face.The literature proposes theoretical concepts regarding ethical decision-making including relativism, moral imperialism, and universalism (Mirwoba, 2009). Relativism refers to the principle that a company should follow the ethical standards and norms of the country where they do business. Companies, therefore, follow different sets of ethical standards depending on the culture of a certain nation. This can be unfavorable to a business since there is no constant standard that employees should remember. A company cannot establish its definite ethical standards since cultures in other nations may be conflicting. Complexity occurs when operations in home market differ from the operations done in foreign markets. In the theory of moral imperialism, things are done in the opposite way of relativism. Moral imperialists argue that individuals should retain their own ethical views even when doing business in foreign lands. Ethics applied in operations in the home market is done the same way in other company branches even in global markets. Some authors, however, argue that the mentioned theories can both serve as bases for an ethical decision making where a certain alternative is chosen considering the norms in the foreign market and the company standards. In the theory of universalism, universal guidelines are considered. These often include fundam ental human rights issues, environmental protection, consumer protection, and basic freedoms. This foundation of code of ethics is the most advantageous to many corporations since serious mistakes in actions and uncertainties in operations may be avoided.Most of the discussions focused on the operations management in private corporations which are profit-oriented. However, ethical issues not only occur in profit-oriented companies but also with non-profit corporations (Robinson Yeh, 2007). The challenge of strict compliance to ethical standards among the non-profit corporations is control by the attempt of doing the right things. Furthermore, non-profit organizations are inclined to achieving their social goals rather than maximizing profits. When people trifle the concept of soc